Janitorial Services in the Circular Economy

What if the key to a cleaner, more sustainable future isn’t new technology—but rethinking the people and processes that clean it every day?

Introduction: Rethinking Janitorial Services in a Resource-Constrained Future

Janitorial services are often seen as behind-the-scenes support functions—essential but overlooked. Yet, as global industries shift toward circular economy principles, their role is ripe for reinvention. The circular economy challenges the traditional "take, make, dispose" model and replaces it with systems designed for regeneration, efficiency, and longevity. Within this paradigm, every service, material, and process is reassessed for its environmental impact and potential for reuse.

This presents a unique opportunity for janitorial services. From the chemicals used to the tools handled, to the structure of the labor itself, every aspect of cleaning operations can be redesigned for circular performance. When aligned with circular economy goals, janitorial services can reduce waste, extend the life of materials, support healthy environments, and offer dignified, sustainable employment. Rather than operating as cost centers, janitorial teams become essential contributors to long-term resource stewardship and facility resilience.

 

Circular Economy Fundamentals for Service-Based Industries

The circular economy (CE) redefines how value is created and sustained across systems. Instead of linear models that extract, consume, and discard resources, CE focuses on restorative cycles—where materials, energy, and labor are continuously repurposed. This is more than just recycling; it's about designing out waste, regenerating natural systems, and extending the useful life of assets.

For service-based industries, the shift is particularly profound. Traditional service delivery often depends on disposable products, inefficient logistics, and reactive maintenance. In a circular model, services are optimized for durability, efficiency, and resource intelligence. Janitorial operations—due to their frequency, labor intensity, and reliance on consumables—stand out as high-impact candidates for circular redesign.

By rethinking cleaning processes, product lifecycles, and workforce deployment, janitorial services can transform into leaner, cleaner, and more sustainable systems. This includes transitioning from toxic chemical products to biodegradable alternatives, minimizing single-use plastics, and adopting refillable, modular cleaning systems. It also involves treating the janitorial workforce as an integral part of the sustainability process—trained, empowered, and supported to contribute actively to environmental goals.

A circular approach encourages a service model where the goal isn’t just cleanliness, but value preservation, waste reduction, and systemic resilience.

 

Circular Service Ecosystems and Janitorial Integration

Janitorial services operate within interconnected environments—offices, schools, hospitals, warehouses—each a micro-ecosystem with its own resource flows, occupancy patterns, and health requirements. In the context of the circular economy, these are no longer isolated service zones. They are part of a broader circular service ecosystem where every actor, material, and process influences the system’s ability to regenerate and sustain itself.

To integrate janitorial operations into a circular service ecosystem, cleaning services must evolve beyond reactive routines. Instead of merely removing waste, they must actively prevent it. This shift includes using data to predict high-use areas and adjust cleaning frequency, minimizing water and chemical usage through smart dispensing systems, and managing equipment lifecycles to avoid premature disposal.

It also requires restructuring relationships across the value chain—procurement teams sourcing reusable products, facilities managers optimizing workflows, and cleaning professionals empowered to identify inefficiencies. These actors co-create circular value when guided by shared objectives: resource stewardship, health preservation, and system longevity.

This ecosystem thinking repositions janitorial services not as peripheral, but as operational hubs for environmental intelligence. Their insight into building usage, material wear, and hygiene performance becomes essential to circular decision-making at every level—from daily maintenance to strategic sustainability planning.

 

 

Workforce-Centered Sustainability in Janitorial Work

A truly circular system values not only materials and processes but also the people who keep it running. In janitorial services, the workforce is the most critical and most vulnerable component. Cleaning professionals often face high physical strain, low job security, and minimal support—conditions that are incompatible with the long-term resilience that circular models demand.

Circular thinking extends beyond waste and materials to include human sustainability. This means redesigning janitorial work to prioritize safety, dignity, and retention. Ergonomic task planning is a foundational step—minimizing repetitive strain through improved tool design, adjustable equipment, and workload balancing. Routine tasks like mopping, lifting, and high-reach cleaning can be redesigned to reduce injury risk and fatigue.

Fair labor practices are equally important. Short-term contracts, underpayment, and inconsistent hours undermine the stability of the workforce and the consistency of service delivery. Circular systems benefit from trained, experienced, and motivated workers—people who understand building dynamics and contribute proactively to resource efficiency. Investing in job security, skill development, and health benefits supports this model.

Inclusion is another pillar. Janitorial services can offer accessible entry points to employment for underrepresented or marginalized populations. When integrated into a circular economy strategy, these jobs become long-term roles with environmental and social impact—not just temporary labor, but essential infrastructure for sustainable operations.

 

Circular Design in Tools, Materials, and Chemical Use

Janitorial operations are heavily reliant on consumables—cleaning agents, wipes, liners, gloves, and more. In traditional models, these materials are single-use, resource-intensive, and waste-generating. A circular economy approach reimagines every product and supply through the lens of lifecycle optimization, aiming to eliminate unnecessary waste and maximize functional longevity.

The transition starts with the selection of materials. Products made from recycled or renewable inputs, and designed for multiple use cycles, replace disposable alternatives. For example, microfiber cloths replace paper towels, refillable containers reduce plastic waste, and concentrated cleaning solutions reduce packaging volume and transport emissions. Every decision is evaluated not just for cost and performance, but for environmental impact across its full lifecycle.

Chemical use is another critical area for redesign. Conventional cleaning agents often contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs), synthetic fragrances, and toxic surfactants. In a circular model, the priority shifts to non-toxic, biodegradable formulations that are safe for both humans and ecosystems. These alternatives not only reduce indoor air pollution and environmental runoff but also improve conditions for cleaning staff.

Tool lifecycle management is also vital. Mops, vacuums, and dispensers should be durable, repairable, and compatible with standardized parts to support extended use and reduce landfill disposal. Closed-loop procurement programs can facilitate the return, refurbishment, or recycling of used tools and equipment, reinforcing a cradle-to-cradle materials strategy.

By embedding circular principles into procurement, usage, and disposal practices, janitorial services can drastically reduce their material footprint while maintaining or improving operational quality.

 

Digital Tools and Data for Circular Janitorial Operations

Digital infrastructure is a critical enabler of circular transformation in janitorial services. Traditional cleaning schedules are often fixed, resource-intensive, and disconnected from real-time building usage. Circular models prioritize precision, adaptability, and data-informed decisions—principles made possible through smart technologies.

Sensor-enabled systems can track occupancy patterns, restroom usage, and supply levels, allowing cleaning teams to allocate labor and materials based on actual demand. This reduces over-servicing in low-traffic areas and ensures high-traffic zones receive timely attention. The result is improved efficiency, reduced waste, and better hygiene outcomes.

Smart dispensing systems for paper products, soap, and chemicals can monitor consumption rates and signal when refills or maintenance are needed. These systems reduce product waste, prevent outages, and support inventory optimization. When connected to central platforms, they provide analytics that inform purchasing, supply chain coordination, and sustainability reporting.

Mobile workforce management tools further streamline operations by assigning tasks dynamically, tracking time and productivity, and collecting on-the-ground feedback from cleaning staff. These systems support transparency, accountability, and continuous improvement—all essential features of a circular service ecosystem.

Over time, digital platforms create data loops that drive smarter decision-making: identifying underutilized resources, forecasting supply needs, and flagging recurring issues that signal broader system inefficiencies. This shift from manual to intelligent operations positions janitorial services as proactive stewards of facility health and resource sustainability.

 

Inclusive Sanitation Services as Circular Infrastructure

Sanitation is a foundational component of public health, yet access remains uneven—particularly in informal settlements, transitional housing, and underserved urban areas. Janitorial services are often the first and only layer of sanitation support in these environments. While traditionally framed as basic maintenance, these services can be redefined as infrastructure for circular equity when integrated with inclusive, regenerative systems.

A circular economy model values social as well as material sustainability. This means recognizing janitorial workers in underserved settings not as temporary labor, but as essential service providers delivering hygiene, safety, and dignity. Programs that employ local residents to maintain shared sanitation facilities—when properly structured—can address multiple goals: job creation, community engagement, and environmental stewardship.

For this model to succeed, the support systems must be durable. That includes fair pay, consistent contracts, protective equipment, and training in hygiene protocols and resource management. When these conditions are met, janitorial services evolve into stable micro-enterprises that empower communities and improve resilience.

Infrastructure design also plays a role. Toilets, sinks, and waste stations should be modular, easy to clean, and designed for high use with minimal environmental impact. Water-saving fixtures, greywater systems, and waste separation processes can be maintained locally by trained janitorial teams, closing resource loops within the community.

Inclusive sanitation models reinforce the principle that circularity is not only about eliminating waste—it's about distributing value. When janitorial services are framed as essential infrastructure, they unlock cleaner environments, safer communities, and lasting social and ecological benefits.

 

Policy and Procurement Strategies to Enable CE in Janitorial Services

The transition to circular janitorial services cannot rely on operational changes alone. It requires systemic support through procurement policy, performance standards, and contract design that incentivize long-term sustainability. Institutions, municipalities, and corporate buyers play a critical role by shifting how services are sourced, measured, and rewarded.

Procurement contracts should prioritize vendors that demonstrate circular practices—such as low-waste operations, ethical labor policies, and closed-loop material systems. Requirements can include use of refillable containers, eco-certified products, electronic reporting tools, or ergonomic equipment designed for longevity. Performance-based contracts can reward reduced chemical consumption, improved indoor air quality, or minimized landfill waste.

Modular service models offer another advantage. Instead of flat-rate cleaning by square footage or frequency, contracts can be structured around task-specific needs—allowing teams to deploy only what’s necessary. This reduces overuse of chemicals, water, and disposable supplies while maintaining quality outcomes. When tied to smart data systems, these models become adaptive and predictive.

Public-private partnerships can further drive innovation by supporting pilot programs, workforce training, and community-based sanitation initiatives. Municipalities, for example, can create grant-backed frameworks that encourage startups and social enterprises to deliver circular janitorial services in public buildings or underserved areas.

Clear, enforceable policies around transparency, data reporting, and sustainable sourcing create the regulatory backbone needed to institutionalize circularity. When policy aligns with practice, janitorial services become not just cost centers—but compliance assets, health investments, and sustainability accelerators.

 

Barriers and Opportunities for Implementation

Despite the clear potential of circular economy (CE) models in janitorial services, implementation faces significant barriers. These challenges are not just technical—they are structural, cultural, and economic, embedded in how services are valued and delivered across industries.

Key barriers include:

• Low-margin business models: Most janitorial contracts are awarded on price alone, limiting investment in better tools, training, or sustainable products.
• Fragmented service delivery: Janitorial operations often operate in silos, disconnected from sustainability initiatives, facilities management, or procurement strategies.
• Lack of digital infrastructure: Many organizations lack the data systems necessary to support predictive cleaning, supply monitoring, or performance benchmarking.
• Workforce instability: High turnover, short-term contracts, and limited training prevent the development of a skilled and empowered cleaning workforce.
• Procurement inertia: Buyers often default to conventional suppliers and products, reinforcing linear systems of waste and overconsumption.

Yet these barriers are also entry points for innovation. The janitorial sector is hands-on, high-frequency, and directly tied to environmental and public health performance—making it ideal for rapid, measurable improvement.

Opportunities for transformation include:

• Embedding CE criteria into contracts, shifting the focus from cost-per-hour to outcome-based performance and environmental impact.
• Piloting smart cleaning systems in high-traffic facilities to gather real-time data on usage, material waste, and labor efficiency.
• Partnering with green-certified suppliers for tools and consumables with end-of-life return or repurposing programs.
• Elevating workforce development by linking training, safety, and upskilling with service innovation goals.
• Repositioning janitorial services within sustainability and ESG strategies, making them visible contributors to broader environmental goals.

The transition to circular janitorial services will not be uniform or immediate. But the organizations that overcome these obstacles—through intentional redesign, partnerships, and policy alignment—stand to gain lasting operational resilience, cost savings, and reputational value.

 

 

FAQ: Janitorial Services in the Circular Economy

What is the role of janitorial services in the circular economy?

Janitorial services support the circular economy by minimizing waste, extending the life of cleaning tools, reducing chemical use, and promoting sustainable labor practices.

How can cleaning operations reduce their environmental impact?

By using non-toxic, biodegradable products, switching to refillable or reusable supplies, and optimizing cleaning schedules with data-driven tools, janitorial services can significantly cut emissions and waste.

What are examples of circular practices in janitorial work?

Examples include microfiber cloth systems, refillable chemical dispensers, ergonomic tools designed for long-term use, and inventory programs that track and reduce excess supply consumption.

Why is workforce sustainability important in janitorial services?

The health, safety, and stability of cleaning staff directly affect the consistency and quality of service; ergonomic tools, fair wages, and training are essential to long-term sustainability.

Can janitorial services help meet ESG and sustainability goals?

Yes, circular janitorial programs support environmental, social, and governance (ESG) metrics by reducing resource use, improving labor conditions, and enhancing operational transparency.

What technologies support circular janitorial practices?

Smart sensors, digital inventory systems, mobile task management apps, and automated dispensers all help reduce waste and optimize performance in cleaning operations.

 

References

1. Carrard, N., Kumar, A., Van, D., Kohlitz, J., Retamal, M., Taron, A., Neemia, N., & Willetts, J. (2024). 8Rs for circular water and sanitation systems: leveraging circular economy thinking for safe, resilient and inclusive services. Environmental Development. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101093
2. Taing, L. (2017). Informal settlement janitorial services: implementation of a municipal job creation initiative in Cape Town, South Africa. Environment & Urbanization, 29, 299 - 314. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247816684420
3. Lin, J., Bao, S., Howard, N., & Lee, W. (2024). Compendium of physical ergonomics exposures to hand, shoulder, and low back during routine janitorial activities. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2023.103544
4. Roos, G., & Agarwal, R. (2015). Services Innovation in a Circular Economy. , 501-520. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6590-3_23
5. Fehrer, J., Kemper, J., & Baker, J. (2023). Shaping Circular Service Ecosystems. Journal of Service Research, 27, 49 - 68. https://doi.org/10.1177/10946705231188670

 

Conclusion: Positioning Janitorial Services as Agents of Circular Change

Janitorial services are no longer just a maintenance function—they are a strategic opportunity within the circular economy. When redesigned around circular principles, these services can minimize material waste, reduce environmental toxins, extend asset life, and support dignified, long-term employment. They are uniquely positioned at the intersection of health, sustainability, and operations—able to influence how resources are used, how environments are maintained, and how value is preserved over time.

The transition demands more than better products. It requires a new operating model—one that recognizes cleaning teams as frontline contributors to regeneration and resilience. It requires smart tools, transparent data, and procurement systems that reward sustainable outcomes. And it demands inclusive policies that elevate labor conditions while embedding circular practices into daily workflows.

As organizations seek to meet climate goals, reduce waste, and build more adaptive systems, janitorial services should be seen not as an afterthought—but as a primary lever of change. With the right structure, support, and strategy, they can become one of the most visible and impactful expressions of circular economy in action.

If you would like more information regarding the effectiveness of high-performance infection prevention and control measures, or if you would like to schedule a free, no-obligation on-site assessment of your facility's custodial needs, contact us today for a free quote!

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